Traditional food has significant nutritional, social, cultural and spiritual value and is an important part of food security for Indigenous peoples. Indigenous knowledge and dietary studies show that eating traditional foods, even in small amounts, provides important nutritional benefits.
Traditional foods influence much more than health. They are closely linked to culture, identity, way of life and overall health and well-being.
If you hunt, handle or eat traditional foods like deer, elk, caribou or moose, it is important to know about chronic wasting disease.
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a disease of the brain and nervous system that affects white-tailed deer, mule deer, moose, elk, red deer and reindeer.
CWD belongs to the family of diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). While it shares features with similar diseases that affect cattle and sheep, CWD is only known at this time to naturally affect members of the deer (cervid) family. CWD is fatal to these animals.
Is CWD a risk to human health?
There are no known cases of human CWD. However, as a precaution, it is recommended that any part of a known CWD-infected animal not be used or consumed by humans.
Myth: People should not eat deer, elk, caribou or moose meat because of chronic wasting disease.
Fact: Deer, elk, caribou and moose meat is safe to eat and most body parts are safe to use. However, do not handle or eat any part of an animal that looks sick, has died from unknown causes or has tested positive for CWD.
Always use care in handling the carcass of any animal.
What are the signs of CWD in animals?
Animals with CWD may show a number of signs as the disease slowly damages their brain. Some of these are very hard to detect. Signs may include:
unusual behaviour
lack of coordination
listlessness
trouble swallowing
drooling
increased thirst
paralysis
pneumonia
separation from the other animals in the herd
excessive urination
unusual thinness
Signs can last for weeks to months before the animal dies; however, some animals may never show any signs of the disease.
Where is CWD found?
CWD has only been found in captive and wild members of the deer family in North America, the Republic of Korea, Norway, Sweden and Finland.
In Canada, CWD was first detected on a Saskatchewan elk farm in 1996. The disease has been detected in parts of Saskatchewan and Alberta and, more recently, on a red deer farm in Quebec.
How is CWD diagnosed?
The only way to confirm that an animal is infected with CWD is to test a body part (usually the brain) after it is dead. A negative test result does not guarantee that an animal is not infected with CWD, but it does make it considerably less likely and may reduce your risk of exposure.
How can I reduce the risk?
If you hunt, handle or eat deer, elk, caribou or moose, there are things you can do to reduce the possibility that you will be exposed to CWD.
Before going out to hunt, check with the provincial or territorial wildlife management office where you live or hunt to identify areas where CWD is known to occur.
Pay attention to the appearance and behaviour of the animals you are hunting. Do not kill an animal that appears to be sick. Never handle or eat an animal that has died from unknown causes.
Avoid handling or eating a deer, elk, moose or caribou that acts abnormally, looks sick, is found dead or has tested positive for CWD.
Avoid handling or eating the animal's brain, spinal cord, eyes, spleen, tonsils or lymph nodes. (Normal field dressing together with boning out a carcass will remove most, if not all, of these body parts. Cutting away all fatty tissue will remove remaining lymph nodes.)
When handling the carcass, wear latex or rubber gloves. If you use parts of the carcass to tan the hide, minimize handling of the animal's head and brain.
Wash hands and tools thoroughly with soap and water after field dressing is completed. Tools can then be disinfected with bleach.
If the animal carcass is from an area of Saskatchewan or Alberta where CWD is known to occur, it is recommended that you have it tested for CWD. Wait for a negative result before any parts of the animal are used or eaten. The provincial or territorial wildlife management office where you live or hunt can give you information on how to have a carcass tested. Testing may be free of charge in your area.
Appropriate transportation and disposal is also important to help reduce the spread of CWD. Contact your provincial or territorial wildlife management office for more information on how to transport carcasses and dispose of animal parts you won't use.
Hunters are encouraged not to consume meat from animals that test positive for CWD, or any animals that appear sick. It should be noted that the CWD test is a disease monitoring tool and is not a food safety test.
Two hunters who ate meat from deer known to have chronic wasting disease − or “zombie deer disease” − developed similar neurological conditions and died, raising concerns that it can pass from animals to humans.
Eliminating the feeding and baiting areas can help to stop or slow the spread from animal to animal. Additionally, hunters who hunt in areas that are known to have CWD can assist in the reduction of CWD spread by deboning meat in the field and leaving the carcass at the harvest site.
CDFW cannot test “meat” for CWD. While it is possible to test for and detect CWD prions in meat and other tissues, these tests are currently only available in specialized research labs and not for diagnostic or consumer use.
CWD is related to other mammalian transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle, and scrapie in sheep.
There are no temperatures within a normal cooking range (180-500F) known to inactivate CWD prions in venison. Incineration temperatures of 1800F will inactivate CWD prions.
CWD has not been shown to be infective to humans. Current research indicates that there is a robust species barrier that keeps CWD from being readily transmitted to humans. In fact, there are several other species that don't seem to contract CWD either, like cattle and pronghorn.
To date, there is no evidence dogs can become infected with CWD. However, it is best to avoid feeding brain and spinal cord tissues from killed game to dogs. Studies have demonstrated that CWD prions can be excreted in the saliva, urine and manure of infected animals.
Since 1997, CWD has been found in farmed cervids (white-tailed deer, red deer, and elk) in 16 States: Colorado, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, New York, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Iowa, Nebraska, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Texas, Utah and Wisconsin.
Chronic wasting disease is caused by a misfolded protein called a prion. All mammals produce normal prions that are used by cells, then degraded and eliminated, or recycled, within the body. When disease-associated prions contact normal prions, they cause them to refold into their own abnormal shape.
The most obvious sign of CWD is progressive weight loss. Numerous behavioral changes also have been reported, including decreased social interaction, loss of awareness, and loss of fear of humans. Diseased animals also may exhibit increased drinking, urination, and excessive salivation.
As an additional precaution against CWD, soak cleaned knives and tools for one hour in a fresh solution of household chlorine bleach (unscented) mixed with an equal amount of water (e.g., 1 quart bleach with 1 quart of water – a 50% solution), air dry, then rinse with clean water.
Does CWD infect people? There is no direct evidence that CWD has ever been transmitted to humans like mad cow disease (as vCJD). However, some research shows that CWD can be transmitted to monkeys closely related to humans by feeding them meat or brain tissue from deer and elk infected with CWD.
Experts are alarmed about the rapid spread of CWD in deer. Recent research shows that the barrier to a spillover into humans is less formidable than previously believed and that the prions causing the disease may be evolving to become more able to infect humans. A response to the threat is ramping up.
❖ CWD infects animals in the cervid family (deer, elk, moose, and reindeer). ❖ The malformed prion protein accumulates in the brain and other tissues causing neurological signs, emaciation, and death. Once clinical signs are observed the disease is always fatal.
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