Sugar Cookie | Baking Process | BAKERpedia (2024)

Origin

The long history of manufacturing sugar cookies dates back to the 7th century in Persia. However, sugar cookies as known today were first made by Protestan settlers in the Nazareth colony in Pennsylvania in the 17th century. They were baked in the shape of the state symbol, a keystone.2

Currently, sugar cookies are commonly made by home bakers, supermarkets and industrial bakeries.

Ingredients

Sugar cookies are made with the following ingredients (based on 100% flour):1,3

IngredientFunctionUsage level (Baker’s percentage)
Sugar
  • Provides sweetness
  • Aids in the creaming of fats
  • Contributes to cookie spread
  • Provides color, through Maillard browning reaction
  • Coarse sugar granules provide a chewier cookie, while fine sugar granules provide a crispier cookie
30 – 48%
Butter or shortening
  • Imparts tenderness and mouthfeel
  • Lubricates dough
  • Aids in air incorporation during creaming
  • Aids in shelf-life stability
  • Provides a rich buttery flavor
13 – 35 %
Flour
  • Provides structure
  • Absorbs liquids, and aids in ingredients biding
  • imparts color by providing substrate for Maillard’s browning reaction
  • Low protein flour are commonly used for cookies, to reduce gluten formation
100%
Eggs
  • Provide structure
  • Emulsifiers
  • Provide rich flavors
  • Yolks impart unique color due to carotenoids as well as egg proteins contribution to Maillard’s browning reaction
2 – 5%
Vanilla
  • Provides a characteristic sweet flavor
Leavening Agents
  • Leaven by gas production
  • Tenderize by stretching wall cells of baked goods
  • Provide a finer crumb
0.35 – 0.5 %

Nutrition

Typical nutritional value of commercial basic sugar cookies per 100 g:4

ComponentGrams
Carbohydrate66.67
Fat21.88
Water9.37
Protein2.08

Sugar cookies contribute 468 kcal per 100 g, making it a highly caloric product. The high sugar and high saturated fats in sugar cookies may have an undesirable contribution to increased risk of diabetes and obesity.4

Commercial production

Sugar cookies are industrially produced through the following process:1

  • First mixing: butter and sugar are mixed for creaming followed by addition of the rest of the wet ingredients.
  • Second mixing: flour is added to the wet mixture in the batch mixer.
  • Sheetting and forming: the dough is flattened into an even thickness sheet with gauging rolls, and subsequently the cookie sheet is cut into the appropriate shape with an interchangeable roll or cutter.
  • Baking: cookies are baked in a band or traveling oven.
  • Cooling: two-tier cooling conveyors are used to cool baked cookies for 20 – 25 minutes.
  • Packaging

Processing conditions

Some processing conditions to consider when making sugar cookies:1

  • Temperature: optimal quality cookies are typically baked at 190 oC (374 oF).
  • Mixing and kneading: cookie dough requires minimum kneading time to avoid gluten development.
  • Thickness: increasing cookie thickness results in higher spread factor.
  • Baking time: cookies baking time is typically 13 – 15 min.

Regulations

Sugar cookies made with GRAS ingredients do not have an established FDA regulation aside from the labeling of commonly consumed amounts per occasion of 30 g.5

In the EU, sugar cookies do not have a specific regulation and are recognized as safe for human consumption.

References

  1. Serna-Saldivar, Sergio O. Cereal grains: properties, processing, and nutritional attributes. CRC press, 2016.
  2. Smith, Andrew, and Bruce Kraig, eds. The Oxford encyclopedia of food and drink in America. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press, 2013.
  3. Figoni, P. How Baking Works: Exploring The Fundamentals Of Baking Science. 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008.
  4. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. FoodData Central, 01 April 2019. https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/561213/nutrients . Accessed 07 December 2020.
  5. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). US Department of Health and Human Services. CFR Code of Federal Regulations Title 21, Part 101 Food Labeling ,https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?fr=101.12 , Accessed 07 December 2020
Sugar Cookie | Baking Process | BAKERpedia (2024)

FAQs

What is a sugar cookie in the navy? ›

McRaven describes the experience of Navy SEAL trainees who are subject — often randomly — to a punishment where they are directed to get wet and sandy on the beaches. By the time they are finished the trainees, covered in sand, look like “sugar cookies.”

What happens if you don't add enough sugar to cookies? ›

Sugar sweetens the cookies and makes them an enticing golden brown. Adding too little sugar can affect the taste and texture of cookies. Adding too much can cause them to be brittle.

What is the Navy slang for ice cream? ›

The curious origin of the Navy's term for ice cream. To most civilians, the pervasive use of acronyms, initialisms, and jargon in the U.S. Navy may seem like an impenetrable secret language.

What is the sugar cookie slang? ›

Where one is to roll in the sand or dirt while PT-ing, then continue PT-ing to look like a sugar cookie themselves. There's also a sand hill named after this term in 29 Palms, for this same reason.

What does butter do for cookies? ›

Butter gives flavor, tenderness and flaky layers to baked goods. It can also bring a bit of structure and rise. For instance, a chocolate chip cookie dough incorporates butter and sugar to incorporate air into the final result.

What is a good substitute for sugar in baking? ›

For every cup of sugar, you can replace it with a 1/2 cup to 2/3 cup of honey or 2/3 cup agave. If using maple syrup or molasses, 3/4 cup to 1 cup will do the trick.

What happens when you put too much sugar in cookies? ›

Excess Sugar and Fat

Measuring is key in baking. If your cookie contains excess sugar or fat, it will spread while baking.

What does an underbaked sugar cookie look like? ›

Here are some signs to look out for: Colour: Raw or undercooked cookies tend to have a pale appearance, lacking that golden or slightly browned hue that indicates they're fully baked. Watch for cookies that still have a doughy or unbaked look. Texture: Touch the surface of the cookies gently.

Should sugar cookies be crunchy or soft? ›

The very best sugar cookies are soft and tender. → Follow this tip: One of the keys to great sugar cookies is mixing the dry ingredients only until they're just incorporated, and not a second longer. Once the dry ingredients are added, less mixing equals more tender cookies.

Are sugar cookies supposed to be gooey in the middle? ›

Whatever you do, don't overbake this sugar cookie recipe. They should still look ever so slightly 'wet' in the center when you pull them from the oven.

What is the golden rule in baking cookies? ›

Chilling cookie dough is a golden rule to be sure, but there are exceptions. If you're going for a thin cookie that spreads out or you have a delicate dough like macron or madeleine, those are the instances where you'll want to bake your cookies at room temperature instead.

Can I use white sugar instead of brown sugar? ›

Plain white sugar. When all else fails, you can replace brown sugar with an even measurement of granulated white sugar without fear of ruining your recipe. White sugar lacks the same rich flavor that brown sugar adds, but depending on the type of recipe, you may not notice much flavor change at all.

What is the meaning of sugar cookie? ›

A sugar cookie, or sugar biscuit, is a cookie with the main ingredients being sugar, flour, butter, eggs, vanilla, and either baking powder or baking soda. Sugar cookies may be formed by hand, dropped, or rolled and cut into shapes.

What does get over being a sugar cookie and keep moving forward? ›

“You were never going to succeed. You were never going to have a perfect uniform. Sometimes no matter how well you prepare or how well you perform you still end up as a sugar cookie. It's just the way life is sometimes,” he said. “If you want to change the world get over being a sugar cookie and keep moving forward.”

What does "stop being a sugar cookie" mean? ›

For failing the uniform inspection, the student had to run, fully clothed into the surfzone and then, wet from head to toe, roll around on the beach until every part of your body was covered with sand. The effect was known as a “sugar cookie.” You stayed in that uniform the rest of the day—cold, wet and sandy.

What are military cookies? ›

A Ranger cookie is a type of confection originating from the United States. It refers to two mostly distinct improvised confections: a drop cookie for camping, and a dulce de leche-like confection for the military. The camping-style Ranger cookie is made with rolled oats, corn flakes, shredded coconut, and brown sugar.

References

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