The Most Powerful ‘Daily’ Episodes From 2021 (Published 2021) (2024)

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The Most Powerful ‘Daily’ Episodes From 2021 (Published 2021) (1)

In a volatile year again dominated by politics and the pandemic, “The Daily” sought out personal stories. Here’s a look back on the episodes that our team can’t forget.

Children flying handmade plastic kites on a hillside graveyard overlooking Kabul, Afghanistan.Credit...David Guttenfelder for The New York Times

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It was a year that, at times, felt indistinguishable from the one before. “The Daily” spent it covering a crisis that felt both extraordinary and mundane: We chronicled coronavirus vaccinations, followed the rise of variants and embedded in schools most affected by the pandemic.

But our team also sought out the stories that stood apart: the insurrection at the Capitol, the evolution of cryptocurrency and the fall of Afghanistan to the Taliban. We told these stories through the voices of people who had witnessed them firsthand. We went inside an Oklahoma abortion clinic, watched Broadway’s reopening and investigated the rise of the German far right.

It’s been another big year, and we’re grateful you listened with us throughout. If you missed any episodes, we’ve compiled a list of what we think are our best shows of the year:

1. The story of “N”

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46:44

transcript

‘The Decision of My Life’

A young woman’s choice under the Taliban.

michael barbaro

From The New York Times, I’m Michael Barbaro. This is The Daily. After the fall of Afghanistan, my colleague Lynsea Garrison started making phone calls.

lynsea garrison

The calls were all to women in Afghanistan. Me and my colleagues talked to dozens of them in different cities and towns across the country. We wanted to know how their lives had changed, what they were experiencing now that the Taliban had taken over the country.

And it was while we were making these calls that I got a text from an unknown number, someone who wanted to talk with me. She got my number from an aide worker I had spoken with. I had no idea of her situation, but we set up a time to talk.

[phone ringback]
lynsea garrison

Hello?

n

Hello.

lynsea garrison

Hi. How are you?

n

I’m fine. Are you fine?

lynsea garrison

I am good. Thank you so much for asking. Thank you so much for your time. So I’m going to call you N. That’s OK?

n

OK, but my English is weak, and I have a little bit problem in English.

lynsea garrison

That’s no problem at all. I can speak —

lynsea garrison

And it started out like most calls.

lynsea garrison

Can you just tell me a little bit about yourself, as much as you’re comfortable with, how old you are, do you have any children, just a little bit about yourself?

n

OK, I don’t have any children because I’m single, and I’m —

lynsea garrison

She’s 18, lives in Kabul and she studied Islamic studies in university. At least she did until the Taliban took over.

n

And this was my third semester, but I can’t learn more because of Taliban. And they just locked our university and — wait a minute. Can I —

lynsea garrison

Sure. Sure.

n

OK.

[phone ringback]
n

I’m really sorry.

lynsea garrison

Oh, don’t be. No, it’s OK. Do you need to take care of something?

n

No, I was talking in English, and my mom’s come. I don’t want to — they know about that, so for this reason.

lynsea garrison

Ah, OK.

n

I told her that I’m talking with my friend, so —

lynsea garrison

OK, so where are you right now?

n

I’m at home.

lynsea garrison

Ah, OK. So your parents don’t know that you’re talking to me obviously.

n

Yes.

lynsea garrison

OK. OK.

n

I’m just — they want to give me to Talib because they think if I got married with a Talib, there would be a connection with Talib, then the Taliban will not kill or there will not be a danger for us. And every time I’m talking to my father that please don’t do this, we can fight against them like a family, but he’s telling me that, no, we can’t fight. They are stronger than us, and they will kill my sons.

And all of them are behaving bad, very bad to me because they are telling me that you’re not our sister or our daughter because you are not helping us. If you were a member of our family, then you will accept that. You will accept to marry a Talib. But I can’t. If I got married with a person who is very — who is against of me or who can’t accept me like a human, then how should I spend all my life with him?

lynsea garrison

I see. I see.

n

Now every day they’re beating me. At first, my father beat me, and then my brother, then another one. Then they start — all of them, they start beating me. They beat me with a pipe, so for this reason, I’m searching for a way to get out of this home because they’re not behaving good to me. But if I left this home, I can’t come back. Because if I come back, then they will kill me.

lynsea garrison

Your family will kill you?

n

Yes.

man

[NON-ENGLISH SPEECH]

lynsea garrison

Is everything OK?

n

Yeah, can I — just — no, can I cut?

[music]
lynsea garrison

Today: The story of one teenage girl in Afghanistan. It’s Wednesday, October 13.

When N hung up the phone with me, I didn’t know if someone in her family had overheard our conversation, and if they did overhear our conversation, if she would then get punished for it. I also had just so many other questions for her. But around two hours later, she messaged me saying it was safe to talk again.

[phone ringback]
lynsea garrison

Hey, N.

n

Hello.

lynsea garrison

Hi.

n

Hi.

lynsea garrison

Are you OK?

n

Yes.

I’m talking not loudly because they are asleep, and for this reason, I’m talking — I’m not talking loudly.

lynsea garrison

OK.

n

When I was talking with you, my brother came to the room, and I think he was listening to me. So I’m really trying to keep it secret, because I know it has a risk.

lynsea garrison

Do you think — I’m just wondering if this feels like a good idea or if maybe — I don’t want to get you in any trouble if they hear you.

n

My little brother, he’s not at home tonight, so for this reason, I’m just talking with you. And smaller brother and father, they’re asleep on another floor. And there we have a basem*nt, so I’m in there. And there is a window that I can see if someone comes. I can see them from the feet, and I’m watching. I’m watching. I’m taking care about it. Yes.

lynsea garrison

OK, well, just tell me —

lynsea garrison

So with N keeping a lookout through a window in her basem*nt, I asked her to take me back to the beginning.

lynsea garrison

I guess I wanted to ask you what you remember of your childhood, just what it was like for you to be a little girl growing up.

n

Are you talking about positive memories or negative ones?

lynsea garrison

Oh, I mean, I think whatever comes into your mind first.

n

About my dad?

lynsea garrison

Yeah, and your childhood with him.

n

Every girl always love their father.

When I was thinking about my father, I was thinking that he is a hero, and I was always proud. I was feeling proud.

lynsea garrison

N told me that her father was a high ranking officer in the Afghan police force in the ‘90s. And as the Taliban gained power, N says her father’s police unit became a target. So growing up, she often overheard the stories of his service, these kinds of war stories.

n

At the first period of Taliban when Taliban came —

lynsea garrison

The one she heard a lot was about a time well before she was even born when the Taliban took over the country.

n

And he doesn’t think about his life.

lynsea garrison

They detained her father’s colleagues in the police force, put them in prison. Apparently, their plan was to assassinate them. But the story goes N’s father sneaked in and freed them.

n

And he saved their life.

lynsea garrison

But that made him even more of an enemy in the Taliban’s eyes.

n

He started to run away from Afghanistan.

lynsea garrison

So he fled to Pakistan with N’s mother and older sibling to safety.

It was only after the U.S. invasion in the early 2000s when N was just a baby that the family felt safe enough to return to Afghanistan. They settled in a province in the northeast part of the country where N’s mother grew up, and that’s where N spent her childhood.

n

I remember all these days I was trying to be great child, great daughter.

lynsea garrison

She says that growing up she really looked up to her father.

n

When he was fixing a bicycle, or fixing the electricity, or other things, and I was watching what he’s doing.

lynsea garrison

She said she kind of followed him around watching everything he did, and he kind of applauded it.

n

My father was always saying that this girl, when I’m doing anything, when I’m fixing a machine or something else, she’s always stand in front of me and she was always searching that what I’m doing. She wants to know, and he was proud. And he was always telling to others that when she grew up, she will know everything. She can be a boy, you know?

lynsea garrison

And he would come to call her this nickname.

n

There was a name of a milk. You know?

lynsea garrison

It was after a brand of milk that she apparently drank all the time when she was little.

n

I was drinking that milk too much. For that reason —

lynsea garrison

That’s cute.

Oh.

lynsea garrison

She really loved and admired her father, and it sounded like a really bright time in her life.

n

I miss that too much.

lynsea garrison

But in the background as N grew older, the Taliban had firmly re-established itself in Afghanistan, and her oldest brother had followed in her father’s footsteps, joining the Afghan police force himself. This made the family even more of a target for the Taliban.

n

In 2011, we were a guest in my aunt’s home. We went for our winter’s holiday down there and then —

lynsea garrison

When N is around eight years old, she said her family went on a trip to another town. They stayed in the home of her aunt and her uncle who was also in the Afghan police force.

n

Me, my mom and my two brothers and father.

lynsea garrison

And one night, N says, the Taliban came to the home and set it on fire.

n

And they put a hand bomb into the home in this attack.

lynsea garrison

N then her parents weren’t harmed, but several other family members were trapped in the attack.

n

My aunt’s husband, her daughter and three other children did die. From burning, they die. And the person who was alive was my sister, and she was totally burned. She was not normal, but those people with her, they lost their lives. They lost their lives.

lynsea garrison

It wouldn’t be the only attack.

n

Can I tell you that the Taliban —

lynsea garrison

Four years later in 2015, N said Talibs came to her home.

n

They come to our home. They attacked on my father. They beat my father and also my brother.

lynsea garrison

So the family fled back to Pakistan.

n

For the second time to Pakistan.

lynsea garrison

But N said her father really didn’t want to stay there.

n

But my father, actually, he loves Afghanistan because he was a soldier and that type. He loves Afghanistan.

lynsea garrison

So they returned. But this time, they settled in Kabul, and that’s where N spent her teenage years.

n

When we come to Kabul, it was safe. There was no Talib. I was spending my life normally, very normally.

lynsea garrison

And focused on her studies.

n

I decided to be a businesswoman, to learn business, to create a business for myself.

lynsea garrison

So she told me she studied very hard.

n

Every night, I was learning.

lynsea garrison

She slept only four hours a night.

n

I was trying to learn and learn and learn.

lynsea garrison

And then she passed this exam that would allow her to go to university and pursue her dream of studying business.

n

It was my luck.

lynsea garrison

She was over the moon about that. Her parents were not.

n

They told me that you are a girl, and the business is for men. It is not for you.

lynsea garrison

They said, look, you can go to university, but if you go, you have to study Islamic studies.

n

If you don’t want to change it to Islamic studies, then we don’t allow you to go, stay home and don’t go there.

lynsea garrison

And she was definitely disappointed. But she didn’t not want to go to university, so she agreed and —

n

I said that it’s OK. Now I can be a judge.

lynsea garrison

She got really into this idea that she could study Islamic law and become a judge.

n

What’s law say about the rights of women, and if someone kill another person, then what should we do? And there was a TV show about a case.

lynsea garrison

She’d watch TV, and sometimes a show she would watch would involve a criminal case. And she’d think to herself —

n

If a case come to me like this, then I have to think that how should I handle or how should I think?

lynsea garrison

— how would I handle this case?

n

If there will be many people in front of me, then how can I defend someone?

lynsea garrison

And then she’d go in front of her mirror and kind of pretend that she was a judge.

n

In front of mirror, I was trying to be a judge, and was talking with myself, and acting like a judge. I was doing all these things, and I said that, oh my god, if I will be a judge, then it will be fabulous because there was no one in our family or there was no girl who was a judge. And I said, OK, it’s also good.

lynsea garrison

She felt really excited that maybe she could kind of blaze a trail in her family in this way.

n

As a woman in Afghanistan, to be a judge, it’s a big personality, or I was trying and I was dreaming like this. My numbers was great.

lynsea garrison

Your grades were great?

n

Yes, it was great.

lynsea garrison

And she was just about to start her fourth semester in August —

n

We were starting our new semester.

lynsea garrison

— when the Taliban came to Kabul.

n

Then this.

Suddenly, all dreams — someone broke all your dreams. Alive without any dreams is like nonsense. It’s nothing, and I lost it everything.

[music]
archived recording

Afghanistan’s government has fallen to Islamist militants who make up the Taliban.

archived recording 2

There are scenes of panic and pandemonium at Kabul airport today as desperate people pour onto the runway trying to flee the country.

archived recording 3

Increasing numbers of Kabul residents have been looking for a way out.

archived recording 4

Who don’t feel safe, who are petrified —

archived recording 5

In what can only be described as a chaotic exodus, now people are literally clinging on —

archived recording 6

This is extremely concerning to the population, especially women, who will be required to cover their faces. They will not be permitted to work in traditional roles, and you will see —

lynsea garrison

When the Taliban came to Kabul in August and was among the thousands of people trying to get out, she knew her dreams of becoming a judge would be dashed, but maybe even more than that. Because of their history with the Taliban, her family was under serious threat. She thought if the Taliban found her father, they would kill him.

n

My father’s scared about that. If Taliban knew about us and they were searching, we are not safe. My father is a criminal in Taliban’s eyes, and we don’t feel good.

lynsea garrison

So the family scrambled to figure out how they could leave.

n

We were trying to move out from the country together with my family. They were trying.

lynsea garrison

And said her father and brothers tried going to the airport but to no avail. And N decided to try the French embassy. She had a friend who knew someone there or maybe had a connection, so she waited there for three days trying to get her family on any kind of evacuation list. She said it was crowded and chaotic, and on the third day, her family said it’s just no use. You might as well come back home.

n

I tried my best. I really tried.

lynsea garrison

Her father was crestfallen. He needed to come up with a different plan, and that’s when things really took a turn.

n

So one of my father friends told to him that if you give your daughter to a Talib, then there will not be a danger for you and your family. So for this reason, my father wants to give me to Talib.

lynsea garrison

N immediately protested, and she said her father and brothers put her on a kind of house arrest. They looked everywhere for her passport so she couldn’t leave. She said they took her phone away. They monitored her movements, her conversations. She told me that even when she used the bathroom, her little brother would stand outside the door, and it’s around this time when N says —

n

The first time they beat me with pipe, and my whole body, there were scratch of that pipe.

lynsea garrison

Her family starts to beat her to try to make her comply.

n

Even the younger — my two brothers, they’re younger than me, and they’re slapping me. They’re kicking me.

lynsea garrison

N pleaded to them, I’d rather die than be married to a Talib, but she said they didn’t seem to care.

They proceeded with putting pressure on her.

n

And I was very tired about this beating because I don’t want to marry with Talib, and I will — if a person give me two choices, to marry with a Talib and to accept suicide, I will suicide. I will attempt suicide, but I will not marry.

lynsea garrison

You’d rather die than — yeah.

lynsea garrison

And N said she felt hopeless.

n

And I told him, my father and everyone, don’t beat me. I will do it. You don’t kill me, I will kill my own self.

lynsea garrison

So she attempted to take her life.

n

I cut my hand because I want to put a deadline to my life.

lynsea garrison

She cut her wrist.

n

And in this situation when the blood was coming from my hand, they were not paying attention on it, and they were beating me. It didn’t matter for them that my hand was cut it.

lynsea garrison

But N’s attempt to take her life didn’t seem to deter her family’s plan. She said a few days later, her father had some visitors over. He had found a Talib who was interested in N.

n

I don’t know who was he, but his mother and sister, they come to our home.

lynsea garrison

So the Talib’s mom and sister came over to inspect N to see if she was a good match.

n

I brought tea for them, but my hand was shaking. And the tea just — the tea, it leaked out at the floor.

lynsea garrison

It spilled, yeah.

n

Yes. Yes. When they saw that she doesn’t know how to work at home and she’s like — and I have a weird, like a T-shirt, the way that I can show them my hand, and the way that they think that I’m not a good girl.

lynsea garrison

N had this really pretty fresh, obvious wound from her suicide attempt on her wrist, and she was hoping to show the wound just enough that they would get a look at it.

n

In Afghanistan, when a person attempts suicide or a girl, they think that she’s not a good girl and like this —

lynsea garrison

Like a troublemaker.

n

Yes, like, a bad girl. They think like this, so for this reason, I have showed them, not directly, but I have showed them my hand. And they talked with my father that what was that? And I think they catched my signal, and they reject me. They reject me.

lynsea garrison

But that had other consequences for her once the Talib’s family left.

n

So when they left our home, my father — again, they — he beat me. What have you done? They just kicked to my main part.

lynsea garrison

Like your stomach?

n

Yes, on there. And I don’t know what we name it, but the main part. We are girls.

lynsea garrison

Oh, they’re kicking you in — like, they’re actually kicking you in your genital area. Oh.

n

Yes. Yes.

lynsea garrison

OK.

n

Yes, it was bleeding. I talked to my mother. Mom, it’s bleeding, and I’m feeling painful. No, he was not believing that. And he was telling to my brother to broke a wood, to beat me with a wood.

lynsea garrison

N said this is the way it’s been in her house. The abuse has been constant in the weeks since the Taliban came to Kabul.

n

Sometimes when they beat me, I cry. It’s a normal thing. When you feel pain, you start crying, and he locks the windows and the door. And he’s saying to me that don’t — you stay silent. Don’t voice.

lynsea garrison

I see. Don’t yell. Don’t yell out. Don’t make a noise.

n

Yes. Yes. And when I’m crying and I make voice, then he’s saying to me that I will give you to Talib. I will give you to Talib. I will give you to Talib.

And he’s a good man, my father, but when he talked with that decision to give me the Talib, after that, he doesn’t play a role like my father. He just played a role more like a Talib. He’s acting like my enemy.

The only person who is with me in home is my mother. My mother, she’s trying very much to stay in front of them to save me, but she can’t do directly. The thing is she’s always saying that you’re a girl, and you will go to your husband’s home, and I will stay with my sons. So I should be with them. I should accept everything that they are telling me. Unfortunately, I can’t help you. I know this is wrong, but I can’t do anything.

lynsea garrison

So your mom — so she’s trying to defend you, but at the end of the day, there’s nothing she can do. Is that —

n

Yes, the day when my hand was bleeding and she was trying to help me, she was — my cry is coming. She was trying to help me, and she was saying that take her to hospital. She’s bleeding. But they talked my mother out of the room, and they were beating me. And when I saw that moment, I see that there was no one to help me. The only person was my mom. And after that, she come, and she put —

lynsea garrison

A bandage?

n

It was like a bandage. She put it on my hand to stop the bleeding, and she was — I love her because she’s fighting for me.

I’m sorry. [CRYING]

lynsea garrison

No, I’m sorry.

n

It’s so very hard that you stand against your family. The only thing that we have is our family, and I’m — I love my dad also, but I don’t know why he’s doing all these things with me. If he loves all the family, then I’m also a member of this family. He should stand for me also.

If Taliban wants to kill us, then he — then it’s not the right thing to put me on the hand of Taliban. If he know that they are bad people, why he’s doing all these things? I really don’t —

I’m sorry.

lynsea garrison

No, it’s OK. I mean, what are you more scared of at this point? Like, is it going to the Taliban, or is it your own father? And what’s scarier to you?

n

I’m scared from my family, because they’re my own family. The enemy, the Taliban, is not. I don’t love them, but I love my family. When they were doing all these things, I feel bad that my own family, who I love them, who I’m their daughter, their sister, they’re doing all these things with me. They know.

I told to my father that you are the one who saved many people life from Taliban. How should you want to give your daughter to them? How can you decide this? And he told me my family is important, and he told me that if I was a daughter and you were a father, then tell me what will you do for your family? Save one person, or to save all the family?

You are talking about saving your family. Am I not his family’s member? Am I not his daughter? It’s like a nonsense.

I’m feeling shameful that I’m talking for my family, and I’m feeling shameful in front of you that my family is like this. It’s not — no one’s family is like this.

He’s my father, and when I’m thinking about it, I broke from inside. I don’t know why. When I was child, he loved me, but now I don’t know why he don’t love me.

Now I’m always doing — I cook his favorite food. He loves tea. I’m always making tea for him. I’m doing anything. I will do anything that to be something that they love me or change their decision, because it’s the decision of my life, and it’s not like a play. It’s the decision of my life.

They broke my dream, Taliban. It’s not OK, but now I can deal with that. OK, there is many girls that Taliban broke their dreams. OK, fine.

But my life, I can’t spend my whole life with someone like — with a Talib. I can’t. I really can’t. I will kill myself, or I will — I’ll leave home, but I will not accept that.

But if I left this home, I doesn’t have any family like this, and it’s hard for a girl to live alone in Afghanistan.

So it’s a decision of my life.

[music]
lynsea garrison

So just I want to let you get some sleep, but I — just in terms of the next couple of days, what are you kind of worried about right now for the next couple of days?

n

I’m scared about the silence because they are not talking in front of me, and I’m really scared about that. They’re trying to erase the mark when I done suicide. They’re trying to erase that mark.

lynsea garrison

From the suicide attempt?

n

Yes. Yes. They were talking about that, that we should hide this mark, that no one — you’re not acceptable with this mark because everyone will ask from us, why have you done this thing? So I just feel that someone is coming that they want to hide the mark. I’m trying to hear what they want to do, but I can’t. So I’m very scared about their silence.

lynsea garrison

Well, thank you, again, and please message me the next time you get the chance, and we’ll talk again.

n

OK.

lynsea garrison

OK.

n

Don’t think about me. I don’t want to be — make anything — any bad thing for anyone, so don’t think about me. Thank you so much from me also.

lynsea garrison

Thanks, N.

n

Bye.

lynsea garrison

Bye.

n

Bye.

[MUSIC =]

lynsea garrison

I didn’t hear from N again on that phone. I waited every day, and nothing. But before we had got off the phone, I did ask her for her best friend’s phone number, just as a way to stay connected to N in case she couldn’t call me again. And in the days that followed, her friend sent me photos of what was happening to N.

Her father and brother had mixed boiling water and oil to burn N’s wrist so badly that the burn would actually hide her suicide scar to make sure she was presentable for marriage, and that’s all I really knew for several days until recently. A message popped up on my phone from an unknown number. It was N.

n

Hi, ma’am. I hope you’re fine, and now I’m safe for a little bit. And that’s my new number, and it’s safe. You can call me or text me if you want.

lynsea garrison

She got out.

n

Now I feel a little bit good.

lynsea garrison

She told me that her father had lined up a new Talib to marry N, and when they tried to burn her wrist, that was just the final straw.

n

And after that, I decided that I want to leave this home.

I wanted to leave home.

lynsea garrison

So she made her decision.

She waited for a day when she knew her father and brothers would leave the house, and on that morning —

n

I cook my father’s favorite food.

lynsea garrison

— N cooked her father his favorite breakfast.

n

An egg with tomato and some potatoes, he loved that.

lynsea garrison

And she just looked at him to kind of freeze his image in her mind.

n

When I was capturing that moment, I was thinking to myself that in some way, he’s kind.

I was trying to —

I was capturing that I was going to miss him. I will not see him again.

lynsea garrison

And then he was gone.

N packed a single bag and quietly escaped.

N is in a safe place now, and even though it hurts for her to walk because of the beatings her family inflicted, it’s them she thinks about the most.

Since the day she escaped, she’s heard that the Taliban has come to her house with guns and rope demanding that her father fulfill his promise, so now she’s worried that in making a decision for her life, she’s also made a decision about theirs. And she hopes it wasn’t the wrong one.

It’s a thought that torments her alone. Plus, she misses her family, especially her mom.

n

I’ve written a letter for her.

lynsea garrison

So N has been writing her letters that she knows she can never send.

n

That, mom, while you were not in there with me, I was always writing a letter for her.

lynsea garrison

But at least it makes her feel like she’s talking to her mom again.

n

That’s how much I miss her. Now I miss her too much.

lynsea garrison

It makes her feel like she’s not all alone.

n

[SOBS] I’m sorry. Sorry. Sorry.

[music]
michael barbaro

We’ll be right back.

Here’s what else you need to know today. A record number of Americans quit their jobs in August, according to new data from the U.S. government, in the latest sign of how much the pandemic has changed the labor market. About 4.3 million people voluntarily left their jobs for a variety of reasons, including inconvenient hours, insufficient pay and the belief that they could find better jobs. Among the hardest hit sectors were restaurants, hotels and retail. About 890,000 workers quit their jobs in the food and hotel industries, and about 720,000 quit their jobs in retail.

Today’s episode was produced by Lynsea Garrison and Stella Tan, with help from Soraya Shockley and Neena Pathak. It was edited by M.J. Davis Lin, contains original scoring by Dan Powell, Marion Lozano, Elisheba Ittoop and Rachelle Bonja, and was engineered by Chris Wood. Our theme music is by Jim Brunberg and Ben Landsverk of Wonderly.

Special thanks to Doug Schorzman, Rogene Jacquette, David McCraw, Paula Szuchman, Michael Benoist, and Parin Behrooz.

That’s it for The Daily. I’m Michael Barbaro. See you tomorrow.

This story is one of the most impactful, timely and important pieces of audio I’ve ever heard. There’s not a single person I know who listened to it and didn’t talk about it for weeks. — Jessica Cheung, a producer

2. Abuse of Indigenous people in Canada

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Abuse Inside Canada’s Residential Schools

Hosted by Astead W. Herndon; produced by Soraya Shockley, Daniel Guillemette, Chelsea Daniel and Austin Mitchell, with help from Michael Simon Johnson; edited by Mike Benoist and Larissa Anderson; music by Marion Lozano and Dan Powell; and engineered by Chris Wood.

Recently, the nation has had to confront one of its darkest chapters. We speak to a survivor of the state-sponsored maltreatment of Indigenous children.

michael barbaro

From The New York Times, I’m Michael Barbaro. This is The Daily.

When the remains of more than 200 children were recently found on the grounds of a boarding school in Canada, it forced the entire country to confront one of its darkest chapters, the state-sponsored abuse of Indigenous people. Today: Astead Herndon spoke with our colleague Ian Austen about one survivor’s story. It’s Friday, July 16.

astead herndon

So Ian, tell me about this recent trip you went on.

ian austen

Well, I went out to the western Canadian province of British Columbia, up into the mountains there to a small city called Kamloops to meet a man named Garry Gottfriedson.

garry gottfriedson

Hey.

ian austen

He was a member of the Tk’emlups te Secwepemc First Nation just across the river. And we got into his Ford F-150 pickup truck —

garry gottfriedson

Yeah, because we’re going to go up here.

ian austen

— to head up into the mountains surrounding Kamloops —

garry gottfriedson

All right, you guys ready? Let’s go. OK.

ian austen

— where his grandmother used to go in a horse and buggy every summer to a cabin up there.

garry gottfriedson

It’s just right down over there, so.

ian austen

What are we looking for to dig?

garry gottfriedson

It’s called [INAUDIBLE] — I don’t know the English name for it.

ian austen

We were trailed by two other pickups containing nieces, nephews and other members of Gary’s extended family who wanted to find a particular medicinal root.

garry gottfriedson

The top part is — I mean, the leaves are used for old tobacco. But the root is also.

ian austen

Garry is in his 60s, looks much younger. And he teaches writing at the local university. He’s a well-known poet. But within his own community, his Indigenous community, he’s what’s called a knowledge keeper, somebody who passes along the language, the traditional cultural practices to younger generations.

garry gottfriedson

I think it’s a — there’s a big rock there.

ian austen

And we kind of made our way up this goat track. I mean, I honestly didn’t think that the pickup trucks could make it.

[click] [door open ding]
ian austen

Eventually, we stopped the trucks and all got out. And Garry realized that we were a couple of weeks too late to harvest the route we were looking for. So the two of us sought out the shade of one of the few large trees up there and sat down and talked about what it was like growing up in those mountains.

garry gottfriedson

Well, we grew up in a rodeo ranching family. So we were all cowboys. But, you know, I mean professional cowboys.

ian austen

Some of his brothers, his dad, they were all rodeo champions throughout North America.

garry gottfriedson

My dad won the Calgary Stampede in 1945.

ian austen

What’s that about.

garry gottfriedson

Saddle bronc and wild horse race, yeah.

ian austen

Your dad must have been a tough guy.

garry gottfriedson

Oh, yeah, my mom was a jockey. That’s how they met.

ian austen

His mother was also a bit of a force.

garry gottfriedson

They say she was a better shot than my dad, but she would never belittle my dad.

ian austen

She was generally regarded, he told me, as the best sharpshooter in the First Nation.

garry gottfriedson

She would shoot the deer, boom. But she used to say, “Oh, your dad shot that,” she’d tell, “Dad shot that.”

ian austen

Garry was one of 13 in his very tight-knit family. But in 1959 when he was five, like most of his brothers and sisters before him, Gary was required under federal law to attend a school called the Kamloops Indian Residential School.

astead herndon

And what can you tell me about this school?

ian austen

It was a boarding school set up in the late 1800s. And it was part of a very broad system the federal government devised, ostensibly for education. But it was really about taking Indigenous children away from their families to wipe out Indigenous languages, wipe out Indigenous culture, Christianize them, assimilate them.

Most of the schools were run by churches, in the majority of cases, the Roman Catholic Church. So they were staffed by priests, nuns, monks who were known as brothers. And that certainly was the case at Garry’s school.

garry gottfriedson

Well, the residential school, so the brick buildings were the dorms.

ian austen

Right, OK.

ian austen

He actually went to the largest residential school in the country. It had 500 students at its peak. It’s a large, red, imposing brick building on a hilltop with a huge apple orchard flowing off to one side.

garry gottfriedson

We didn’t really learn much in that school, that’s for sure. I’ll tell you that for a fact. But we sure knew how to make sure gardens were cleaned and how to gather apples that, they call them windfall.

ian austen

It was not much of a school in his experience. I mean, even the young children were put to work picking apples. It was crowded.

garry gottfriedson

At meal time, you had to fight like hell. People would — other kids would steal your food or, you know? You learned how to eat like this. If your plate is there, you just eat like that.

ian austen

Guarding it —

garry gottfriedson

Guarding it, yeah, so kids, kids had to steal because they were starving. There was a lot of fighting, a lot of — a lot of anger. You know, I mean, pretty much —

ian austen

But beyond the minimal education, the lack of food, Garry also told me some things that were difficult to hear. And they were difficult for him to talk about.

garry gottfriedson

Like the older kids that knew us from the reserve said, “You guys never stay by yourselves. You make sure, you know, two or three always stay together.” They wouldn’t let us be by ourselves.

So, but I found out one day why. Because we took off, you know, like a little kid, you want to go to the bathroom. And we had to go into that old brick building downstairs, because that’s where the boy’s bathroom was. And me and my cousin went.

And right beside where the boy’s bathroom was, was where one of the brother’s rooms was, sleeping quarters were. So we heard one the — one of our friends in there crying and kind of like screaming. But you could — it was muffled too.

And the door was open. That’s the first time I had seen sexual abuse there. And I think I was, like, in grade two. And it was one of our friends. So he was in our class. He was with one of the brothers in there.

He was only like about seven years old or something.

ian austen

Did you even know what was happening?

garry gottfriedson

No, I didn’t know what was happening. We went running out and, yeah.

ian austen

Did that brother, was he still at the school?

garry gottfriedson

Yeah, nothing was ever done about it. And then nobody wanted to be what they call an “altar boy,” because they were considered to be the favorites of the priests. And so they did everything bad not to be an altar boy.

astead herndon

Favorites in ways you don’t want to think about?

garry gottfriedson

Yeah, sexual favorites. So that’s what they were, the toys for them, yeah. So we all — they would tell us, “Be bad. Be bad if you have to be. Get a strap if you have to, but don’t be an altar boy, you know?”

ian austen

How do they —

did the nuns aid in this? Did they just turn away? Did they —

garry gottfriedson

The nuns were just as cruel.

Yeah, the nuns were just as cruel. Sister Mary Bernadette, I remember in grade 3, we had a girl come in. She was a Chilcotin girl. And, my god, that girl was —

when that nun, Sister Mary Bernadette, beat that girl, she was trying to force her to speak English. And that girl couldn’t speak English, because she was raised way back in Chilcotin Country and never ever ever been out of her home.

Anyway, she got captured and brought to our school. And she tried to make that girl say a sentence. And she couldn’t, because she wasn’t familiar with English sounds. She put a Bible on her hand, on each of her hand. She couldn’t say it, bang, she got strapped on the back. And that girl collapsed.

And she disappeared.

And then I was asking some friends from Chilcotin country, “Do you remember this girl?”

“Yep.”

“What happened to her?” “She ran away, she came home and she committed suicide.”

But she was beaten so bad, that girl. So the nuns were just as cruel, just as cruel.

ian austen

Garry said that at some point when they were home for holidays or the summer, his mother began to notice some changes in his older sisters. He didn’t tell me exactly what the changes were. But they were clearly very worrying for his parents. So his mother got together with some other women in the First Nation. And they crossed the river over to Kamloops, the White City.

And their message was pretty clear. They said, we’re not sending our children back to the residential school. Our children belong in the school you send your children to. And, amazingly, for the time, this was in the ‘60s, they won. They succeeded. But that was only the beginning of it. Because a much bigger battle against the entire residential school system was yet to come.

michael barbaro

We’ll be right back.

astead herndon

So Ian, you were telling us about the extraordinary story of Garry and his siblings who were in these residential schools — these places where really horrific abuse was taking place — and the extraordinary efforts by his mother to remove her children from these schools. After the family left, what happened to the system?

ian austen

So by 1969, the federal government, which had set it up, got rid of the churches and took over direct management of the schools and instituted reforms. But the system basically gradually fell apart through the ‘70s, ‘80s and into the ‘90s.

astead herndon

Was anyone held responsible though for that horrific abuse that Garry described?

ian austen

Well, not at first. But the sort of decline and fall of the residential schools coincided with a dramatic rise in activism among Indigenous people in Canada. Part of this activism involved going to court to seek redress for past injustices and abuses against Indigenous people. And right at the top of the list of injustices and abuses was the residential school system.

So a number of former students all across the country began filing legal actions against both the churches and the federal government. And that eventually led to a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of Canada siding with some Indigenous plaintiffs. That, in turn, kicked off negotiations with the federal government. And within a year, a settlement had been negotiated on the thousands of lawsuits, the largest class action settlement in Canadian history.

astead herndon

And what was in that settlement?

ian austen

Well, everyone who attended the schools received some form of damages. People who were abused qualified for extra damages. But that was very controversial, because it involved them having to testify about what happened to them. And it’s just way too traumatic for many people, including Garry. They just won’t go there. The settlement went way beyond just awarding damages.

archived recording

The House will now proceed to statements by ministers. The Right Honorable Prime Minister.

[APPLAUSE]

ian austen

In 2008, the settlement led to then-prime minister Stephen Harper standing in a packed House of Commons.

archived recording (stephen harper)

Thank you very much. Mr. Speaker, I stand before you today to offer an apology to former students of Indian residential schools. The treatment of children in Indian residential schools is a sad chapter in our history.

ian austen

And he didn’t just apologize for the system and its abuses.

archived recording (stephen harper)

Two primary objectives of the residential school system were to remove and isolate children from the influence of their home, families, traditions and cultures and to assimilate them into the dominant culture.

ian austen

He also acknowledged that it had been set up to destroy Indigenous peoples’ languages and their cultures.

archived recording (stephen harper)

There is no place in Canada for the attitudes that inspired the Indian residential school system to ever prevail again. God bless all of you. God bless our land.

[APPLAUSE]

ian austen

On top of that, the settlement set up a Truth and Reconciliation Commission. It hired an army of historians to comb through the written record, the government documents and all of that. But more important, its commissioners traveled the country to communities big and small and took the testimony of 6,700 people — many of them former students, many of them who had never, never revealed to anyone what had happened to them at the schools and what the consequences of that had been on their lives.

astead herndon

So what actually came out of the commission?

ian austen

It produced this huge multivolume report that in elaborate detail laid out the history of the schools and the terrible abuses that occurred there. They were stories that in many ways echoed what Garry told me. And it had a pretty blunt conclusion there. It said that this system was a system of cultural genocide.

It also put out 94 calls to action to Canadians and their governments. Some of them were to deal with the lingering effects of residential schools on Indigenous people in their communities. Some of them more for broader reconciliation among Canadians. And then in another section, it brought up the question of the missing children.

astead herndon

What do you mean missing children?

ian austen

Well, the commission found that large numbers of children went off to these schools and never came home, and no one knew why. It’s important to remember that through the long history of these schools, they were badly underfunded, overcrowded, the children were malnourished. They were kind of havens for infectious disease. The Spanish flu swept through them. Tuberculosis was rampant.

On top of that, there were accidents. Many of these schools burned down. And there was abuse — physical abuse, sexual abuse. So death was very, very common at these schools.

Generations of survivors from the schools have told stories about the missing children. And they were largely dismissed. I mean, even leading newspapers in Canada in recent years have published op-eds casting doubt on the idea. And then —

archived recording

A devastating discovery has been made in Canada.

ian austen

— a little over a month ago —

archived recording 1

The remains of more than 200 children have been located.

archived recording 2

Some as young as three years old have been found buried near Canada’s largest former residential school in Kamloops.

ian austen

— news breaks that the remains of students were found in unmarked graves at a residential school.

archived recording 1

This is such a dark chapter of history for Canada that needs to be told.

archived recording 2

This is going to be a staggering and heartbreaking moment in Canadian history.

ian austen

And the reason this came to light was that in the past few years, First Nations across Canada have been searching for their missing children. That included the First Nation in Kamloops, of which Garry is a member. It invited in anthropologists and other scientists in with new forms of ground-penetrating radar to search for the students remains. And what they found shocked the nation.

archived recording

We’re now utterly disgusted. There’s no other word for it.

ian austen

It was proof of the missing children that no one could deny.

archived recording 1

How could this possibly have happened? How could it have gone neglected? How did they keep it a secret?

archived recording 2

Some as young as three years old had been taken from their parents and sent there and died there.

archived recording 3

It’s absolutely impossible for me to understand how it cannot be regarded as a major crime scene.

garry gottfriedson

The day after they found those, my brother Teddy, he phoned me. He says, “You’re going to come with me today.” I said, “OK, where are we going to go?” He said, “I just need you to come with me.”

ian austen

After hearing about the discovery, Garry and his brother headed down to the school grounds where the remains had been found, partly for healing and partly to remember the children.

garry gottfriedson

We ran into a couple of older guys in their 70s, late 70s. And right away, they start talking. And the one guy said, “We had to go dig the graves.”

And the other one said, “Well, I was the one that had to chop holes in the river in the middle of winter. And then we had to chop holes in the ice.” He said, “Big holes in the ice and then we got sent to the dorm.”

ian austen

Then Garry told me a horrific story he heard there, one that fit a pattern of stories that I’d heard from other former students at other former residential schools.

garry gottfriedson

And then they were talking about, well, my cousin got pregnant. We knew she was pregnant. We were told that that baby was burnt in the incinerator. And they’re talking all in their language. And I’m like, I broke listening to these three men talk about that.

And my brother said, “I can’t be here any longer.” He said, “I’ve got to go.”

ian austen

It’s just unimaginable.

garry gottfriedson

Take me home, you know?

ian austen

What do you think should be done for those children now? I mean, do their remains just stay in the ground? Should they be identified?

garry gottfriedson

Identifying them through D.N.A. or through science is going to make it real. Because it’ll give them a name. Their names will come back. Their names will live.

ian austen

So it’s worth the — I mean, it’ll be very traumatic. It’ll be very, very traumatic.

garry gottfriedson

Absolutely, it’s going to be horrifying. But I think it needs to be done. And I think by identifying these children, their descendants, their relatives will be more at peace. Because there’s so many families out there that say, oh, my great uncle ran away never to come back. But maybe that great uncle is one of those bodies laying there. And there has to be closure.

There has to be that peace somehow.

It’s a word my language called [NON-ENGLISH SPEECH], which means for us to return to being human again. We’ve been beaten down so much over generations, and decade after decade we’re finding our own way back. And we are finding it back through the land, through sitting in the mountains.

ian austen

Sitting in the shade of that tree up there on the mountain with Garry surrounded by his extended family, one thing was very clear.

garry gottfriedson

You know, we’re together. And we’re out on the land. I love being out in the land myself.

ian austen

The residential school system brought enormous harm.

garry gottfriedson

We go up there into the mountains and then go get what medicines we needed.

ian austen

But it did not destroy Indigenous culture.

garry gottfriedson

And then, you know, they’re always asking me, how do you say this, uncle, in our language? How do you say that in our language? Things like that, so that’s what gives me hope. Canada doesn’t give me any hope at all. It doesn’t. But these guys give me hope.

astead herndon

Thank you, Ian.

ian austen

Thank you.

michael barbaro

Since the discovery of Indigenous children’s graves in Kamloops, similar unmarked graves have been found on the grounds of other residential schools across Canada. So far, the remains of more than 1,000 people have been found, most of them children, a number that is expected to grow as searches continue. We’ll be right back.

Here’s what else you need to know today. The Delta variant of the coronavirus is fueling a spike in infections across the United States. The Times reports that daily infection numbers have increased at least 15 percent over the last two weeks in 49 different states, 19 of which report a doubling of daily cases. On Thursday, Los Angeles County said it would require masks be worn indoors regardless of vaccination status to limit the spread of the Delta variant. The county is averaging over 1,000 new cases per day, a 279 percent increase from the average two weeks ago.

Today’s episode was produced by Soraya Shockley, Daniel Guillemette, Chelsea Daniel and Austin Mitchell, with help from Michael Simon Johnson. It was edited by Mike Benoist and Larissa Anderson, contains original music by Marion Lozano and Dan Powell, and was engineered by Chris Wood.

That’s it for The Daily. I’m Michael Barbaro. See you on Monday.

This episode was very difficult to work on. The details in it are so traumatic, but I think it’s extremely important to document these systematic crimes and not let them be plastered over or forgotten. — Chris Wood, audio mix engineer

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